Linux for Human Being !!

From past couple of days i started exploring Ubuntu. My experience with version 10.04 is far better than the older ones, maybe its because of the default innocent theme.  About section of this fabulous OS says “Ubuntu 10.04 LTS – the Lucid Lynx – released in April 2010 and supported until April 2013.“

I did a quick search and got the following table about Ubuntu releases: (Source – Wikipedia)

Version Code name Release date Supported until Desktops Servers 4.10 Warty Warthog 20 October 2004 30 April 2006 5.04 Hoary Hedgehog 8 April 2005 31 October 2006 5.10 Breezy Badger 13 October 2005 13 April 2007 6.06 LTS Dapper Drake 1 June 2006[99] 14 July 2009 June 2011 6.10 Edgy Eft[100] 26 October 2006 25 April 2008 7.04 Feisty Fawn 19 April 2007 19 October 2008 7.10 Gutsy Gibbon 18 October 2007 18 April 2009 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron 24 April 2008 April 2011 April 2013 8.10 Intrepid Ibex 30 October 2008 30 April 2010 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope 23 April 2009[101] 23 October 2010 9.10 Karmic Koala[102] 29 October 2009 April 2011 10.04 LTS Lucid Lynx[8] 29 April 2010[83] April 2013 April 2015 10.10 Maverick Meerkat[8] 10 October 2010[96] April 2012 11.04 Natty Narwhal[8] 28 April 2011[96] October 2012

Colour Meaning Red Release no longer supported Green Release still supported Blue Future release

Note : Before any kind of reuse or distribution of this table, please go through the license terms of this work. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Ubuntu – About the Name section says : Ubuntu is a South African ethical ideology focusing on people’s allegiances and relations with each other. The word comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages. Ubuntu is seen as a traditional African concept, is regarded as one of the founding principles of the new republic of South Africa and is connected to the idea of an African Renaissance. A rough translation of the principle of Ubuntu is “humanity towards others”. Another translation could be: “the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity”.

I admire those who are involved in making Linux for Human Being. I was searching about the total number of Ubuntu OS downloads (It was nothing more than one of the random thoughts which pops-up into my mind and refueled my curiosity). Its already 1:00 AM, so couple of lines about why i want to post this is :: If you are using Open Source softwares for any purpose (either for earning or learning), its your responsibility to share your knowledge and experiences back to the open source community. Thats what my philosophy of Being a Human.

Ubuntu Forum

Ubuntu Repositories (For older versions)

- Abhishek Singh

How to recover Ubuntu panel?

1. Run the terminal. If you didnt configured any keyboard shortcut to start terminal then press alt + F2. Type

gnome-terminal

and click run.

 

ubuntu run window

 

2. Type

 gconftool-2 --shutdown

 rm -rf ~/.gconf/apps/panel

 pkill gnome-panel

- Abhishek Singh

Programming Languages

Many Programming languages claim to be Object-Oriented. But there are seven qualities to be satisfied for a programming language to be pure Object Oriented. They are:

1. Encapsulation/Data Hiding
2. Inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction
5. All predifined types are objects
6. All operations are performed by sending messages to objects
7. All user defined types are objects.

A programming language can be considered as a “Pure” object oriented if it follows all above qualities. Here is a comparison which i found some days back.

	Eiffel	Smalltalk	Ruby	Java	C#	C++	Python	Perl	Visual Basic
Encapsulation / Information Hiding	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Inheritance	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Polymorphism / Dynamic Binding	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (through delegation)
All pre-defined types are Objects	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
All operations are messages to Objects	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
All user-defined types are Objects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No

Java is not a pure object-oriented language. One of the reasons Java is not purely object-oriented is that not everything in it is an object. For example, Java allows you to declare variables of primitive types (int, float, boolean, etc.) that aren’t objects, Contrast with a pure OOP language like Smalltalk or Ruby where there are no primitive types, and boolean, int and methods are all objects. Also Java has static fields and methods, which are independent and separate from objects this violates real world reflection and object orientation.

I dont know much about Java but generally people say that native multiple inheritance is not supported by Java. I should clear that this post is not biased about any programming language. below is a comparison between the 3 most common language .

A brief overview of features of programming languages :

<!–

–>

	Eiffel	Smalltalk	Ruby	Java	C#	C++	Python	Perl	Visual Basic
Object-Orientation	Pure	Pure	Pure	Hybrid	Hybrid	Hybrid / Multi-Paradigm	Hybrid	Add-On / Hybrid	Partial Support
Static / Dynamic Typing	Static	Dynamic	Dynamic	Static	Static	Static	Dynamic	Dynamic	Static
Generic Classes	Yes	N/A	N/A	No	No	Yes	N/A	N/A	No
Inheritance	Multiple	Single	Single class, multiple “mixins”	Single class, multiple interfaces	Single class, multiple interfaces	Multiple	Multiple	Multiple	None
Feature Renaming	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Method Overloading	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Operator Overloading	Yes	Yes?	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Higher Order Functions	Agents (with version 5)	Blocks	Blocks	No	No	No	Lambda Expressions	Yes (???)	No
Lexical Closures	Yes (inline agents)	Yes (blocks)	Yes (blocks)	No	No	No	Yes (since 2.1)	Yes	No
Garbage Collection	Mark and Sweep or Generational	Mark and Sweep or Generational	Mark and Sweep	Mark and Sweep or Generational	Mark and Sweep or Generational	None	Reference Counting	Reference Counting	Reference Counting
Uniform Access	Yes	N/A	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Class Variables / Methods	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Reflection	Yes (as of version 5)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes?	No
Access Control	Selective Export	Protected Data, Public Methods	public, protected, private	public, protected, “package”, private	public, protected, private, internal, protected internal	public, protected, private, “friends”	Name Mangling	None	public, private
Design by Contract	Yes	No	Add-on	No	No	No	No	No	No
Multithreading	Implementation- Dependent	Implementation- Dependent	Yes	Yes	Yes	Libraries	Yes	No	No
Regular Expressions	No	No	Built-in	Standard Library	Standard Library	No	Standard Library	Built-in	No
Pointer Arithmetic	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Language Integration	C, C++, Java	C	C, C++, Java	C, some C++	All .NET Languages	C, Assembler	C, C++, Java	C, C++	C (via DCOM)
Automatic Documentation	Yes	No?	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Built-In Security	No	No?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No?	Yes (perlsec)	No

-Abhishek Singh